Definition:
The relation between cause and effect is reversed.
Examples:
(i) Cancer causes smoking. (ii) The increase in AIDS was caused by more sex education. (In fact, the increase in sex education was caused by the spread of AIDS.)
(ii) The increase in AIDS was caused by more sex education. (In fact, the increase in sex education was caused by the spread of AIDS.)
Proof:
Give a causal argument showing that the relation between cause and effect has been reversed.